Ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel impairing toxin ~ VenomZone

Channel Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are ion channels that allow for the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. They are expressed in many different cell types but are best known for their predominance in skeletal and cardiac myocytes, where they are directly involved in excitation-contraction coupling. RyRs are the largest known ion channel, adopting a homotetrameric structure more than 2000 kDa in mass (Kimlicka and Van Petegem, 2011). Mammals have three RyR isoforms that are widely expressed in a range of both excitable and nonexcitable cells. Despite their prevalence in a variety of tissues, RyR1 is commonly referred to as the skeletal subtype and RyR2 the cardiac subtype. RyR3 was initially discovered in the brain (McPherson and Campbell, 1990) and seems to be the most broadly expressed of the three subtypes (Martin et al., 1998).

Toxin

	RyR channels	Toxins from different taxa that target RyR channels. Click on to retrieve toxins of interest.
	Human	Snake	Scorpion	Cone snail	Spider	Sea anemone	Insect	Other	All
Ryanodine receptor RyR1				-	-	-	-	-
Ryanodine receptor RyR2		-		-	-	-	-	-
Ryanodine receptor RyR3		-		-	-	-	-	-
Ryanodine receptor All				-	-	-	-	-

Ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel impairing toxin (Ryanodine receptor inhibitor)

Venom protein entries in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Buthus israelis (Israeli scorpion) (Buthus occitanus israelis)

Chersonesometrus fulvipes (Indian black scorpion) (Heterometrus fulvipes)

Heloderma horridum horridum (Mexican beaded lizard)

Hemachatus haemachatus (Rinkhals) (Sepedon haemachatus)

Hemiscorpius lepturus (Scorpion)

Heterometrus laoticus (Thai giant scorpion)

Hoffmannihadrurus gertschi (Scorpion) (Hadrurus gertschi)

Hormurus waigiensis (Australian rainforest scorpion) (Liocheles waigiensis)

Hottentotta judaicus (Black scorpion) (Buthotus judaicus)

Hottentotta tamulus (Eastern Indian scorpion) (Mesobuthus tamulus)

Liocheles australasiae (Dwarf wood scorpion)

Lychas mucronatus (Chinese swimming scorpion)

Mesobuthus eupeus (Lesser Asian scorpion) (Buthus eupeus)

Mesobuthus martensii (Manchurian scorpion) (Buthus martensii)

Naja annulifera (Banded Egyptian cobra) (Naja haje annulifera)

Naja atra (Chinese cobra)

Naja kaouthia (Monocled cobra) (Naja siamensis)

Naja mossambica (Mozambique spitting cobra)

Opistophthalmus carinatus (African yellow leg scorpion)

Ovophis okinavensis (Ryukyu Island pit viper) (Trimeresurus okinavensis)

Pandinus imperator (Emperor scorpion)

Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Taiwan habu) (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus)

Scorpio palmatus (Israeli golden scorpion) (Scorpio maurus palmatus)

Thorellius intrepidus (Scorpion) (Vaejovis intrepidus)

Urodacus yaschenkoi (Inland robust scorpion)

Vaejovis mexicanus (Mexican scorpion)